Malinga ndi zomwe takumana nazo, ndife okondwa kukudziwitsani za zolakwika zomwe zakhala zikudziwika panthawi yopanga zinthu komanso kusanthula zomwe zimayambitsa ndikupereka njira zodzitetezera.
1.1. Burrs: Ma Burr atha kupangidwa pamene kusiyana kwa kufa kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, kochepa kwambiri kapena kosafanana, masamba a concave ndi convex die sakhala akuthwa mokwanira, ndipo malo osatsegula sali bwino.
Yankho: Yang'anani kusiyana ndi gawo logwirizana ndikukonza cholakwikacho moyenerera.
1.2. Kusinthasintha kwa magawo osiyanasiyana:
a. Panthawi yotseka, mbalizo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zazikulu zokhotakhota ndi zopindika ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kumenyana.
Njira yosinthira ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito nkhonya ndi mbale yosindikizira kuti akanikizire mwamphamvu panthawi yotseka ndikusunga m'mphepete mwake, zomwe zimatha kupeza zotsatira zabwino.
b. Pamene mawonekedwe a gawolo ali ovuta, mphamvu yometa ubweya kuzungulira gawolo imakhala yosagwirizana, choncho mphamvu yochokera kumphepete kupita kukatikati imapangidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbaliyo ikhale yozungulira.
Njira yothetsera vutoli ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yokakamiza.
c. Pamene pali mafuta, mpweya, ndi zina zotero pakati pa kufa ndi gawo, kapena pakati pa zigawozo, gawolo lidzagwedezeka, makamaka zipangizo zoonda ndi zofewa zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
Yankho: Chochitika cha warping chingathe kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta mofanana ndikuyika mabowo otuluka.
1.3. Kukwinya:
a. Kuzama kwa gawo lopondapo ndilozama kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zamasamba zizithamanga kwambiri panthawi yodyetsa, kupanga makwinya.
b. Ngongole ya R ya kufa ndi yayikulu kwambiri panthawi yojambulira gawo lopondapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhonyayo isathe kusindikiza zinthuzo panthawi yojambulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pepala likhale lothamanga kwambiri komanso makwinya.
c. Nthiti zopondereza za gawo lopondapo ndizosamveka, nthiti zopondereza ndizochepa kwambiri ndipo malowa ndi olakwika, zomwe sizingalepheretse bwino pepala kuti lisayende mofulumira, kupanga makwinya.
d. Mapangidwe oyika nkhungu ndi osamveka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulephera kukanikiza zinthuzo panthawi yojambula gawo la kupondaponda kapena m'mphepete mwazitsulo ndizochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulephera kusindikiza zinthuzo panthawi yojambula, zomwe zimapangitsa makwinya.
Njira yothetsera makwinya ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito kachipangizo koyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nthiti moyenerera.
1.4. Zolakwika pakulondola kwa dimensional:
a. Kulondola kwapang'onopang'ono kwapang'onopang'ono pakupanga nkhungu sikumayenderana ndi muyezo, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwakukulu kwa gawolo.
b. Popanga masitampu, gawolo limabwereranso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo oyambira asamafanane ndi gawolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kupunduka panthawi yopondaponda, zomwe zimakhudza kulondola kwake.
c. Gawolo silinakhazikike bwino, kapangidwe kake ndi kosamveka, ndipo gawolo limayenda panthawi ya sitampu. Palinso zolakwika pamapangidwe a gawolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo olakwika, zomwe zimakhudza kulondola kwa dimensional.
d. Chifukwa cha kusintha kosayenera kwa ndondomeko yapitayi kapena kuvala kwa fillet, zigawo zamitundu yambiri zimakhala zopunduka mofanana, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe pambuyo pokhomerera.
Yankho: Pazifukwa zomwe zili pamwambazi zomwe zimayambitsa zovuta za kulondola kwa mawonekedwe, tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu koyenera, monga kupondaponda gawo loyenera ndi mtundu wololera, kuwongolera kulondola kwa nkhungu, ndikupanga njira zolipiriranso.
1.5. Kuvulala kwa Pressure:
a. Pamwamba pa zinthuzo pali zinyalala. Yang'anani ngati pali zinyalala pamwamba pa zinthuzo panthawi ya sitampu. Ngati pali zinyalala, ziyeretseni ndi mfuti ya mpweya ndi nsanza.
b. Pali zinthu zachilendo pamwamba pa nkhungu. Gwiritsani ntchito zida zoyeretsa zinthu zakunja pamwamba pa nkhungu ndikusankha kusiyana koyenera kwa nkhungu molingana ndi makulidwe a pepala.
c. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nkhungu ndi maginito. Sinthani ndondomeko yoyendetsera, ndikuyendetsa kuchokera kunja kupita mkati ndi mzere ndi mzere pamene mukugwedeza workpiece. Dulani m'mphepete (kudula m'mphepete) kaye ndikumenya mauna. Kupanga masitampu kwapadera kumatha kukhala kopunduka, komwe kungakhale chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kwambiri.Kasupe mu nkhungu ayenera kusinthidwa.
d. Mafuta osindikizira samakwaniritsa zofunikira. Bwezerani mafuta opangira masitampu omwe alipo tsopano ndikusankha mafuta apadera omwe ali ndi sulfide zowonjezera zowonjezera.
1.6. Zipsera: Chifukwa chachikulu cha zipsera ndi zipsera zakuthwa pa nkhungu kapena fumbi lachitsulo lomwe limagwera mu nkhungu.Njira yodzitetezera ndiyo kupukuta zizindikiro pa nkhungu ndikuyeretsa fumbi lachitsulo.
1.7. Ming'alu yapansi: Chifukwa chachikulu cha ming'alu ya pansi pazigawozo ndi pulasitiki yosaoneka bwino kapena kukanikiza kolimba kwa mphete yophimba nkhungu.Njira yodzitetezera ndikusintha zinthuzo ndi pulasitiki yabwino kapena kumasula chida chosalembapo kanthu.
1.8. Makwinya am'mbali: Chifukwa chachikulu cha makwinya a mbali ya mbaliyo ndikuti makulidwe a zinthu sikokwanira (ngati ali ang'onoang'ono, makulidwe amaloledwa kukhala ochepa) kapena eccentricity pamene nkhungu zapamwamba ndi zapansi zimayikidwa. Kusiyana kwa mbali imodzi ndi kwakukulu ndipo kusiyana kumbali inayo ndi kochepa. Njira yodzitetezera ndikusintha zinthuzo nthawi yomweyo ndikukonzanso nkhungu.
1.9 Zida Zovala:
Vuto linanso lodziwika ndi kupondaponda kwachitsulo ndi kuvala kwa zida. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popondaponda zimayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale masitampu abwino. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusamalidwa bwino, kusankha zinthu molakwika, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso.
1.10 Kusankha kwazinthu:
Kusankha zinthu molakwika kumakhalanso vuto lodziwika bwino ndi kupondaponda kwachitsulo. Ngati zida zolakwika kapena zosawoneka bwino zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito inayake yosindikizira, zitha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kusamata bwino, kuvala zida, ndi zovuta zina.
